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Jews appeared in Czarnków most likely in the Middle Ages. However, there are no reliable sources that could confirm this hypothesis. The onset of regular Jewish settlement in Czarnków reaches back to the XVII century. The Jews were thought to have come to this region with German colonists. The presence of Jews in Czarnków during the XVII century is shown in civic registers from the period, where they are recorded as permanent citizens . The oldest, remaining document which records the existence of a Jewish settlement in Czarnków is a bill granting civic laws issued by A. Gębicki in 1677. Another document issued by Adam Naramowski from the 3rd November 1701 generally specified Jewish obligations. At that time, Jews obtained the right to trade wool. Subsequent privileges from the 4th March 1742 and 12th January 1757 have not survived, and are only known about from XIX century transcripts [1.1].
The Jews settled in the north-west parts of the town, in the so called poznań suburbs, forming at the time a Jewish district. This area was located outside of the city gates and was separated by a “heavy chain”. This chain was lowered only on special days. It was a sign that meant the Jews could enter the city. According to a story quoted by Julius Klemm, the author of a book from the XIX century about the history of Czarnków, the closure of the city was the result of a robbery supposedly committed by Jews on prince Sapiesza from Wieleń. As the time went on, the area was incorporated into the city.
The life of Jewish people was mostly gathered around the city square on which the Church of the Holy Ghost stood until 1655. Jewish dominance in this area was testified by the fact that an attempt to rebuild the church was never undertaken, because it could have caused a conflict between the Jews and the Catholics. In 1738 the square was still empty and served as a marketplace until 1759, when a brick synagogue was built. It survived until 1878[1.2]. In the Old-Polish period, Jews had specified duties towards the city and its owners. They had to pay real estate taxes and salaries for the city guards or perform the service themselves. During this period Jews did tailoring, fur processing and dying. By virtue of the Gębicki Act, Jews could not work as butchers (this was also confirmed by Namorowski). Along with the development of dressmaking, Jews began trading wool and cloth, afterwards they traded cattle and wood. The city owners entrusteded them with the tenancy of two town inns. 14 contracts, called Wiederkauf, from between 1710-1773, are an interesting historical source. They were signed between the collective church and the Jewish district in Czarnków. Although Christians were prohibited by the Canon Law from taking interest loans , Jews could freely sign them. The debt that was created from the contracts had been only partly paid off at the beginning of the XIX century.
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[1.1] ŻIH, Department of monument documentation, M. Fijałkowski, From the story of the Jewish district in Carnków in the XVII-XX century (historical draft), „Rocznik Nadnotecki” 1990, nr 21, s. 39.
[1.2] ŻIH, Dział Dokumentacji Zabytków, D. Pałka, Żydzi w Czarnkowie na przestrzeni wieków, „Sprawy Narodowościowe” 2009, z. 35, s. 183.
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