Local history
Information about the town – Polska / śląskie
The history of Bielsko-Biała is, in fact, a history of twin towns – Bielsko and Biała – which were separate municipal centers until January 1951.
Older and wealthier, Bielsko had existed as a Slavic settlement already in the 11th century. Bielsko received a municipal charter in 1263. At that time, a wave of German colonists had settled in the Silesian Foothills. The first historical mention of the Bielsko settlement comes from 6 June 1312 (the granting of a forest “between Kamienica and Mikuszowice” to the town dwellers) [1.283]1.1] in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Railway) was launched.
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[1.1] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial deve
[1.2] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial develo
[1.3] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial developm
[1.4] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial developmen
[1.5] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development
[1.6] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in
[1.7] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in b
[1.8] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in bot
[1.9] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both
[1.10] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both to
[1.11] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both town
[1.12] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns
[1.13] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (<
[1.14] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (
[1.15] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (B
[1.16] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bie
[1.17] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Biels
[1.18] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski
[1.19] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski O
[1.20] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okr
[1.21] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okrę
[1.22] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg
[1.23] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Pr
[1.24] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Prze
[1.25] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemy
[1.26] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemys
[1.27] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysło
[1.28] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy
[1.29] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy
[1.30] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy
[1.31] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy;
[1.32] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; t
[1.33] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the
[1.34] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the I
[1.35] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Ind
[1.36] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Indus
[1.37] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industr
[1.38] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industria
[1.39] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial
[1.40] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial Di
[1.41] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial Dist
[1.42] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial Distri
[1.43] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District
[1.44] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District o
[1.45] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of
[1.46] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bi
[1.47] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Biel
[1.48] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsk
[1.49] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko)
[1.50] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko),
[1.51] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), wh
[1.52] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), whic
[1.53] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which
[1.54] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which le
[1.55] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led
[1.56] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to
[1.57] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to t
[1.58] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the
[1.59] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the c
[1.60] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the col
[1.61] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the colla
[1.62] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collaps
[1.63] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse
[1.64] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of
[1.65] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of c
[1.66] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of clo
[1.67] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth
[1.68] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth m
[1.69] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth mak
[1.70] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth makin
[1.71] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
[1.72] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.&n
[1.73] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.&nbs
[1.74] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
[1.75] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
[1.76] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
[1.77] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
[1.78] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
[1.79] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
[1.80] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
[1.81] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In
[1.82] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1
[1.83] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 182
[1.84] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-
[1.85] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-18
[1.86] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850
[1.87] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850,
[1.88] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Bi
[1.89] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Bia
[1.90] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała
[1.91] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała,
[1.92] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, an
[1.93] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and
[1.94] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and th
[1.95] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the
[1.96] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the ar
[1.97] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area
[1.98] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area o
[1.99] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of
[1.100] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of th
[1.101] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the
[1.102] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the fo
[1.103] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the form
[1.104] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former
[1.105] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former O
[1.106] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oś
[1.107] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświ
[1.108] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświę
[1.109] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęci
[1.110] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim
[1.111] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim pr
[1.112] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim prin
[1.113] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim princi
[1.114] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principa
[1.115] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principali
[1.116] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality
[1.117] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality,
[1.118] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, wa
[1.119] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was
[1.120] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was wi
[1.121] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was with
[1.122] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdr
[1.123] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdraw
[1.124] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn
[1.125] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn fr
[1.126] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from
[1.127] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from G
[1.128] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Gal
[1.129] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galic
[1.130] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia
[1.131] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia a
[1.132] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and
[1.133] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and i
[1.134] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and inc
[1.135] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and inclu
[1.136] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and include
[1.137] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included
[1.138] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included wi
[1.139] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included with
[1.140] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within
[1.141] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within t
[1.142] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the
[1.143] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the G
[1.144] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the Ger
[1.145] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the Germa
[1.146] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German
[1.147] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Un
[1.148] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Unio
[1.149] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union.
[1.150] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. I
[1.151] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In
[1.152] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 18
[1.153] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849
[1.154] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849,
[1.155] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, th
[1.156] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the
[1.157] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bi
[1.158] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Biel
[1.159] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsk
[1.160] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko
[1.161] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko pr
[1.162] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko prin
[1.163] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko princi
[1.164] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principa
[1.165] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principali
[1.166] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality
[1.167] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality w
[1.168] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was
[1.169] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was a
[1.170] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abo
[1.171] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was aboli
[1.172] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolish
[1.173] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished
[1.174] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished,
[1.175] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, an
[1.176] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and,
[1.177] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, i
[1.178] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, ins
[1.179] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, inste
[1.180] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead
[1.181] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead,
[1.182] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a
[1.183] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bi
[1.184] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Biel
[1.185] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsk
[1.186] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko
[1.187] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko co
[1.188] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko coun
[1.189] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county
[1.190] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county w
[1.191] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was
[1.192] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was c
[1.193] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was cre
[1.194] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was creat
[1.195] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created
[1.196] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created i
[1.197] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in
[1.198] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 18
[1.199] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855
[1.200] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855.
[1.201] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. Th
[1.202] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That
[1.203] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That s
[1.204] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That sam
[1.205] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same
[1.206] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same ye
[1.207] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year
[1.208] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year,
[1.209] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a
[1.210] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a ra
[1.211] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a rail
[1.212] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railwa
[1.213] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway
[1.214] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway sy
[1.215] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway syst
[1.216] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system
[1.217] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system c
[1.218] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system con
[1.219] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system conne
[1.220] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connect
[1.221] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connectin
[1.222] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting
[1.223] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bi
[1.224] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Biel
[1.225] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsk
[1.226] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko
[1.227] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko an
[1.228] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and
[1.229] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kr
[1.230] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Krak
[1.231] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Krakó
[1.232] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków
[1.233] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków wi
[1.234] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with
[1.235] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with V
[1.236] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vie
[1.237] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienn
[1.238] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna
[1.239] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (<
[1.240] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (
[1.241] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K
[1.242] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u
[1.243] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K
[1.244] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K.
[1.245] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Pr
[1.246] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Priv
[1.247] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privil
[1.248] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privileg
[1.249] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegie
[1.250] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegiert
[1.251] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte
[1.252] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Ka
[1.253] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kais
[1.254] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser
[1.255] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-F
[1.256] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Fer
[1.257] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdi
[1.258] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdina
[1.259] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinand
[1.260] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-
[1.261] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-No
[1.262] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nord
[1.263] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordba
[1.264] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn
[1.265] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn
[1.266] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn
[1.267] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn;
[1.268] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; N
[1.269] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Nor
[1.270] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; North
[1.271] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Norther
[1.272] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern
[1.273] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Ra
[1.274] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Rail
[1.275] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Railwa
[1.276] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Railway)
[1.277] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Railway) w
[1.278] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Railway) was
[1.279] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Railway) was l
[1.280] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Railway) was lau
[1.281] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Railway) was launc
[1.282] http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a]. Since 1327, Bielsko remained under Czech rule and shared the political fate of Silesia. The town quickly became an important border crossing on the salt trail leading from Kraków to Cieszyn, and farther to Moravia. This contributed to the town’s economic development, and in 1424, Bielsko received a renewal of its municipal rights. From the 15th century, the town was known for its cloth making craft and wool trade. Since 1526, it was a part of the Austrian Habsburg monarchy. In 1548, the town received a guild privilege (a cloth makers guild was active here). When the Reformation had begun in the 16th century, the strongest Protestant community in all of Cieszyn Silesia was established in Bielsko.
On the other hand, Biała, the second settlement, was developing as a small farming and craftsmanship village located near the defense castle on the right bank of the border river, Biała (the border between the Cieszyn and Oświęcim principalities). The village was established around 1560 on the territories of the Lipnica county.
In 1572, a separate Bielsko country, which was an independent state country, was allotted from the Cieszyn principality. At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, Bielsko had been developing as an important center of cloth making, trade, and ceramics. It was a wealthy town, reaping considerable profits from production and sale of alcohol, and from farming and fishing.
At that time, in 1613, the Biała village had been distinguished as an independent rural commune, which had been increasingly adopting features of an artisan settlement.
Between 1642-1660, Bielsko and Biała were destroyed and robbed a few times by Swedish armies. In 1659 and 1664, fires had ravaged Bielsko. Despite that, the town was quickly rebuilt. In 1686, Bielsko received a privilege of free cloth manufacture, and soon cloth from Bielsko was regarded as the best in Silesia and the Czech state. However, a strong economic competition was slowly emerging in the vicinity of Bielsko. In 1710, a customs chamber was created in Biała, and on 9 January 1723, Biała received municipal rights. Very quickly, the town had become one of the most important centers of cloth and linen making in western Lesser Poland. It was an important center of trade between Moravia and Silesia.
When Silesia was divided following the Silesian war in 1742, Bielsko became part of Austrian Silesia (Österreichisch Schlesien), and Biała remained within Poland’s borders. In 1752, count Aleksander Józej Sułkowski had purchased the Bielsko state. In 1754, he transformed the Bielsko state into a principality.
In mid 18th century, the first manufactures were being established in both towns.
In 1757, Biała received “the great municipal privilege” from King Augustus III, which allowed for the creation of artisan guilds in the town. Between 1769 and 1772, Biała served as the seat of the Generality of the Bar Confederation (The General Council of Confederated States). The Bar Confederates had defended the Catholic faith and the Republic’s independence. The struggle was carried out against the wardship of the Russian Empire, King Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, and the Russian army, which had supported him. As a result of this political engagement, the Biała municipality was captured and looted by the Russian army. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by Austria, and became part of the Galicia (Galizien) province. In 1784, the customs border on the Biała river was abolished.
In 1810, Joachim Adler had opened the first fiber factory. This marked the beginning of industrial development in both towns (Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy; the Industrial District of Bielsko), which led to the collapse of cloth making.
In 1820-1850, Biała, and the area of the former Oświęcim principality, was withdrawn from Galicia and included within the German Union. In 1849, the Bielsko principality was abolished, and, instead, a Bielsko county was created in 1855. That same year, a railway system connecting Bielsko and Kraków with Vienna (K.u.K. Privilegierte Kaiser-Ferdinands-Nordbahn; Northern Railway) was launche
[1.283]
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